'Yato bhava - stato rasaha'.' Where there is feeling, there is mood/flavour“ “So it starts from where the hand is” A mudra is a physical hand gestures that are executed in Indian theatre dance-dramas that are accompanied by facial expressions and specific body movements. Natyashastra — ‘Yatho Hasta thatho Drishti, Yatho Drishti thatho ManahYatho Manah thatho Bhaava, Yatho Bhaava thatho Rasa’. In Sanskrit, there's a poem about hand gestures: 'Yato hasta stato drishti'.' Where the hand is, the eyes follow' 'Yato drishti stato manaha'.' Where the eyes go, the mind follows'.

Shiro, Drishti & Greeva Bhedhas & Anga

The following describes the different shiro (head), drishti (eye) & greeva (neck) bhedhas (movements) and the categorisation of anga (body) that are used in Bharathanatyam.

Shiro Bhedha – head movements

Shira or shirasa means ”head” in sanskrit. The 9 head movements refer to the head positions when expressing a particular bhava.

1. Samam: Keep head straight
2. Udvahitam: Look up
3. Adhomukham: Look Down
4. Alolitam: Move head in a circular movement
5. Dhutam: Move head to right and left
6. Kampitam: Nod head up and down
7. Paravrittam: Turn head to the right or left briskly
8. Ukshiptam: Head is turned and raised or in a slanted position
9. Parivahittam: Small shakes of the head done quickly

Sloka:

Sama udvahitam adhomukha-lolitam Dhutam
kampitam cha paravrittam ukshiptam parivahitam
navdhakathitam shirasa natyashastra visharadaihi

Drishti Bhedha – eye movements

Drishti means ”eyes” in sanskrit. The 8 eye movements refer to the eye positions when expressing a particular bhava.

1. Samam: Keep eyes still
2. Alokitam: Roll eye balls in a circular pattern
3. Saachi: Look through the corner of the eyes
4. Pralokitam: Move your eyes side to side.
5. Nimilitam: It looks like a half shut eye, try to focus the eye ball towards the heart
6. Ullokitam: Look upwards
7. Anuvrittam: Move eyes up and down rapidly
8. Avalokitam: Look down

Sloka:

Samam Alokitam Saachi pralokita Nimility
Ullokita-anuvritte cha tatha chaiva-avalokitam
Ithyashtho drishthi bhedaha syu kirtitah purvasuribhi

Greeva Bhedha – neck movements

Attamis exude grace in abhinaya pieces or acts as an ornament in Nritta. 4 types of neck movements mentioned in AbhinayaDarpanam.

1. Sundari: Move neck side to side. It is also called as Attami
2. Tirashchina: Move neck in a V-shape
3. Prarivartita: Move neck in a semi-circle or moon-like shape
4. Prakampita: Move neck forward and back

Sloka:

Sundari cha Tirashchina tathaiva Parivartita
Prakampita cha bhavagnair gneya greeva chaturvidha

Anga – body

In dance, the body limbs are classified as Anga, Pratyanga and Upaanga. The body limbs are used differently when expressing a particular bhava.

Yato Hasta Stato Drishti In Sanskrit Transliteration

6Angas comprise of

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• Chest
• Waist
• Bottom
• Hands
• Head
• Legs

Some Bharathanatyam experts include the neck as well.

6Pratyangas

• Thighs
• Knees
• Shoulders
• Arms
• Stomach

Some Bharathanatyam experts include the wrists, elbows and ankles as well.

12Upaangas

• Glance
• Eyebrows
• Eyelids
• Eyeballs
• Cheeks
• Nose
• Gums
• Lips
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Chin
• Face

Some Bharathanatyam experts include the heels, fingers, feet and palms as well.

Important Rule for Dance :

Yetho Hasta Thatho Drishti
Yetho Drishtis Thatho Manah
Yetho Manas Thatho Baavo
Yetho Baavas Thatho Rasah

Sloka Translation:

Wherever the hand goes, the eyes follow
Wherever the eyes go, the mind follows
When the mind is engaged, expression results
Where there is expression, there is beauty.

– Abhinaya Darpana, Sloka No. 247

Yato Hasta Stato Drishti In Sanskrit Language

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Hasta Uttanasana - Raised Arms Pose
Yoga Practices
Hasta Uttanasana or the raised arms pose is part of the Sun Salutation series of asanas. It appears as the 2nd pose and the 11th pose in the Sun Salutation or Surya Namaskara.

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Urdhva Hastasana
Upward Facing Hand Pose
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~ Padasana
Definition - What does ~ Padasana mean?
~ padasana is a standing yoga pose in which the practitioner roots one leg and, while balancing, holds the other leg out in front of the body in a fully extended position.

Eka ~ Bhujasana
Leg-over-shoulder pose (eka ~ bhujasana) integrates the instinctive energies of the lower three chakras with our higher aspirations.
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Urdhva ~sana / Upward Salute Pose / Raised Arms Stretch Pose - How To Do And What Are Its Benefits?

In ~paddsana, ~, means hand, and pada, foot. Thus, in this case the English name of this asana is not a literal translation.
..

Urdhva ~sana is most often done as part of the Sun Salutation sequence. As such, it sometimes gets short shrift. You may stay in the pose for less than one breath during a vinyasa flow, but it's worthwhile to take the time on your own to explore its benefits more fully.

Utthita ~ Padangusthasana
Standing Big Toe Pose, uttihita 'extended, stretched', ~ 'hand', padangusta 'big toe', asana 'pose'.
Utthita Parsvakonasana ..

What is Utthita ~ Padangusthasana?
In Sanskrit language the word Utthita means extended, ~ means hand, pada means foot and padangustha means thumb or toe. From the literal meanings of these words this asana can be described as Extended Hand-Toe Posture.

In Parsva Utthita ~ Padangusthasana (with your leg to the side), pay close attention to leveling your hips. Feel your raised thigh roll outward as much as possible and your abdomen (your navel) move away from that raised thigh.

How to do Standing Forward Bend (~padasana)
Stand straight with feet together and arms alongside the body.
Balance your weight equally on both feet.
Breathing in, extend your arms overhead.
Breathing out, bend forward and down towards the feet.

Yoga Exercise - Hands to Feet (Pada ~sana)
A variation of the Standing Forward Bend (Uttanasana), the Hands to Feet Pose (Pada ~sana) improves flexibility of your spine, strengthens your legs, enhances digestion, and aids in blood circulation in your head.

3. ~padaasan - bending pose. Begin to exhale bending forward from the waist and place the hands on the floor besides each foot. Relax with your head and neck in a bending pose.
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PAD-~SANA OR ~PADASANA:
Stand erect. Keep both the legs touching each other. Take a deep breath and keep both the hands up. Now go on exhaling. Bend in the front. Place both the hands on the ground on both the sides of the legs. Touch the head on the knees. Do not bend the knees. Hold the breath outside.

~ (hand) mudras used primarily in meditation, but can also be incorporated in asana and pranayama as well as in daily activities. ~ mudras redirect the prana traveling through the fingers back into the body. These mudras are the most common and numerous of the categories of mudras.

~ = hand
āsana = posture
Alt. Name:Hand to Foot / Hand Under Foot
Category:Standing / Forward Bend
Difficulty:Intermediate ..

~ = hand
~sana = forward stretch of the arms
hatha = force; the word 'hatha' is used adverbially in the sense of 'forcibly' or 'against one's will'; hatha-yoga is so called because it prescribes rigorous discipline in order to find union with the Supreme ..

Yato ~ stato drishti (Where the hand is, the eyes follow),
Yato drishti stato manaha (Where the eyes go, the mind follows),
Yato manaha stato bhava (Where the mind is, there is the expression),
Yato bhava stato rasa (Where there is expression, there is mood i.e., appreciation of art).

Urdhva ~sana (mountain, arms raised) and Uttanasana (standing forward bend) up and down between the two 10x
Sirsasana (head stand)
Trikonasana (triangle) ..

Utthita ~ Padangustasana
uttihita extended, stretched
~ hand
padangusta big toe
asana pose ..

Utthita ~ Padangustasana / Extended Hand to Big Toe Pose
Benefits
* Opens and strengthens the hips
* Strengthens the legs and ankles
* Increases flexibility in the legs
* Improves concentration
* Improves balance ..

Gandhari, ~jihva, Kuhu, Sarasvati, Pusha, Sankhini, Payasvini, Varuni, Alambusha, Vishvodhara, Yasasvini, etc., are some other important Nadis. These have their origin in Kanda.

The original name of these poses is Ardha Chandrasana with Pada ~sana, which translate to 'Half Moon Posture' and 'Foot-Hand Posture,' respectively.
Benefits and Purposes ..

Series 1 (Utthita ~ Padangusthasana)
Standing up, one hand on the hip, eyelids open and eyes fixing a real or virtual point, several breathings are made to promote the concentration. During an exhalation, the leg opposed to the hand on the hip is flexed and its toes are grasped.

Others are recommended to select a suitable practice program from amongst the following asanas in this order: Shaktibandha series, surya namaskara, vajrasana series (shashankasana, shashank-bhujangasana, ushtrasana, majariasana, supta Vajrasana), pada ~sana, bhujangasana, dhanurasana, kandharasana, chakrasana, ..

~ pada-angusta (Hand-foot-big toe posture)
Matsya Asana (Fish posture)
Naga Asana (Cobra or Snake posture)
Nataraj Asana (King of the Dance posture)
Padma Asana (Lotus posture)
Parivritta Parshvakona (Turned Side-Angle posture)
Pavana mukta-asana (Wind-releasing posture) ..

Adho Mukha Svanasana (Downward Facing Dog)
Balasana (Child's Pose)
Eka ~ Bhujasana (One-Handed Arm Balance)
Dwi ~Bhujasana (Two-Handed Arm Balance)
Bhujapidasana (Shoulder-Pressing Pose)
Visvamitrasana (Pose Dedicated to Visvamitra) ..

Yoga Chikitsa: Utthita ~ Padangusthasana (Extended Hand-To-Big-Toe Pose), Kurmasana (Tortoise Pose), Ubhaya Padangushthasana (Both Big Toe Posture)
Primary (Yoga Chikitsa) ..

Extended Hand to Big Toe Pose (Utthita ~ Padangustasana)
Level: Intermediate
Improves balance and focus
Stimulates urinary and reproductive organs
Beneficial in weight loss ..

The remaining of the 14 principal nadis are Gandhari, ~jihva, Yashasvini, Pusha, Alambusha, Kuhu, Shankini, Sarasvati, Payasvini, Varuni, Vishvodara.

Aṅguṣṭha madhyai: to the thumb
BhrÅ'madhya: to the third eye, or between the eyebrows
Nāsāgrai: at the tip of the nose
~grai: to the palm, usually the extended hand
Pārśva: to the left/right side
Ūrdhva: to the sky, or upwards
Nābhicakra: to the navel
Pādayoragrai: to the toes ..

Tadagasana (pond pose)
Vajrasana (thunderbolt pose)
Uttanpadasan (both legs)
Uttanpadasan (one legs)
Shalabhasan (half)
Makarasana (crocodile pose)
Parvatasana (mountain pose)
Vrikshasana (tree pose)
Preparatory Movements 1 - 12
~ Sanchalan Types 1, 2, 3(movement of arms) ..

(I was fact-checking outside of class.) I grew tired of the Sanskrit. (I was sure my target students would relate to 'hand to big toe' instead of 'utthita ~ padangusthasana.') I ran out of outfits. I knew my path to peace and ahimsa was to roll up my mat and exit my teacher aspirations.

See also: What is the meaning of Yoga, Asana, Health, Body, Stretch?

◄ Harwan

Hasta Padangusthasana ►